Blacks in 1960 Essay - 507 Words

quot;Blacks are better off in 1999 than they were in 1960.quot; After the Civil War, many amendments were passed in order to better represent blacks in America. The 13th, 14th and 15th amendments all changed blacks’ lives drastically and positively. The 13th amendment ended slavery and the 14th declared blacks as citizens. The fifteenth amendment stated that anyone can vote, regardless of color or race. However, the South devised poll taxes and literacy tests in a successful attempt at preventing blacks from voting. But in 1964, after a sufficient number of states ratified an amendment proposed by Congress, the tables turned for blacks. The 24th amendment banned poll taxes. The voting act of 1965 banned the use of literacy tests†¦show more content†¦(100 was changed later to 25) In turn, all Jim Crowe Laws were disregarded in society, leaving race no longer a way to deny rights of anyone. quot;Tactics used by activists during the Civil Rights movement were effective in bringing about change.quot; Bus discrimination was a major issue during the 1960’s. Rosa Parks, a black woman, bravely refused to get up from a designated quot;whitequot; seat on a public bus. In turn, Mrs. Parks was arrested for disobedience of the law. This controversy led to an entire boycott by black people of bus transportation. This highly threatened the economy due to the statistic that 75% of the riders on public busses were black. This scared the city to altering the bus laws so that there was no discrimination towards public transportation. This highly effective method of peaceful protest by blacks led the Civil Rights movement to greater hights. When lunch counters were segregated and black people were served last or not at all, sit-ins were highly effective. The S.N.C.C. (a nonviolent student organization of protesters; interracial) were a group of students that practiced sit-ins as a part of peaceful protest. In doing so, the black students would sit down in a segregated area until they were arrested or harassed. But, the sit-ins brought about change in cities such as Dallas, Atlanta, and Nashville, where lunch counter seating became desegregated due to peaceful protest. quot;The FederalShow MoreRelatedThe Black Freedom Struggle Of The 1960s1664 Words   |  7 PagesThis year marks the fiftieth anniversary of many of the most significant events of the Black Freedom Struggle of the 1960s. Two years ago, we celebrated the March on Washington; last year we recognized the 1964 Civil Rights Act that ended Jim Crow apartheid in the South. This year, we have already seen commemorations of the anniversary of the Voting Rights Act, and summer’s end will see the fiftieth anniversary of the Watts Rebellion in Los Angeles. Yet, looking on the TV, radio, newspapers or socialRead MoreThe Causes of the Black Riots in the 1960s Essay3133 Words   |  13 PagesThe Causes of the Black Riots in the 1960s Throughout the 1960s many riots involving black people and other minority groups took place in the Eastern States of America. The 1965 riots in Watt County were one such example and demonstrated the horrific inequalities still present in America one year after the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had been introduced. The riots lasted for six days, leaving 34 people dead, over a thousand injured, nearly 4,000 arrested and hundreds ofRead MoreEssay about The Situation of Blacks in the 1960s774 Words   |  4 PagesThe Situation of Blacks in the 1960s The situation for the blacks in the 1960’s was just as tough as ever before and economic problems were rising. Many blacks lived in Ghettoes such as â€Å"Watts† in LA, which had many drug problems. Riots were also becoming more frequent due to police brutality. Blacks increasingly believed that the white officers were using riots as an excuse to terrorise and intimidate the local population. They also believed that judges were very racistRead MoreDuring The Mid-1960S To 1980, The Black Power Movement1362 Words   |  6 Pages During the mid-1960s to 1980, The Black Power movement was highly important for African Americans in the United States. This time frame increased the self-determination of black pride and the empowering movements that took place across the nation. The development of organizations influence African Americans to form unity, group awareness, and institutions in order to enhance the race as a whole. Important activists stood firm in their prolific speeches, which influenced the nation to believe thatRead MoreThe Black Freedom Movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s2001 Words   |  9 PagesFor my essay, I have chosen to discuss the statement â€Å"The Black Freedom Movement of the 1950’s and 1960’s captured the attention of millions†¦ As American Americans started streaming into American cities, or what American corporations call â€Å"†major markets† U.S. businesses sought to influence the consumption patterns of these increasingly important black consumers.† I have chosen to discuss this title because I believe it had an extremely rich and interesting background to it as well as being ableRead MoreRacism : The Black Panther Party From The Early 1960s1358 Words   |  6 Pagesmovement called Black Lives Matter (www.blacklivesmatter.com). It is working to rebuild the black liberation movement today much like the Black Panther Party from the early 1960s. The main goal of the Black Lives Matter movement is to focus on ending police brutality, mass incarceration, and demilitarization of U.S. police departments. Black Lives Matter is an ideological and political intervention in a world where black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted. Black Lives Matter haveRead MoreHow Accurate Is It to Say That the Black Power Movements of the 1960’s Achieved Nothing for the Black People?1857 Words   |  8 PagesHow accurate is it to say that the Black Power Movements of the 1960’s achieved nothing for the Black people? In some ways I agree that the Black power Movements of the 1960’s achieved nothing for the Black people because by 1968 little had changed, and it is therefore easy to claim that Black Power movements achieved nothing, and in fact had a negative impact on black Americans. However in some ways I disagree because the Black Power movements in the early 1960s coincided with the peak of successRead MoreThe Turbulent Sixties - An essay about the turbulent 1960s decade and black civil rights.863 Words   |  3 PagesThe 1960s was a wild decade all around the world. It was a time of change, the baby boom generation was reaching adulthood, the culture of the time promoted sex, drugs and rock and roll, and civil rights issues were tearing the United States of America apart. Three major civil rights issues nearly tore the nation apart in the 1960s. Desegregation of the public school system had the end result of integrating black and white children into the same school. New Black Nationa lism began to demand economicRead MoreOutline Of The Help By Kathryn Stockett, And Later Produced As A Film1399 Words   |  6 PagesIsabelle Belanger Skeletal Outline P1 – Introduction The â€Å"Decade of peace, love, and happiness,† â€Å"Decade of Discontent† and the â€Å"Decade of change† all scream one thing; 1960’s.The 1960’s, was a very controversial time for America, and brought forth hippies, student marches protests, rock n’ roll, the pledge to land on the moon, and many new beginnings; however it was a difficult decade for the South. Coloured races faced legal segregation and isolation from society. The Help, written by KathrynRead MoreThe Rebellion Of The Mid 1960s1479 Words   |  6 PagesRebels with a Cause During the mid-1960s, various racially driven riots descended upon Northern urban centers and blanketed the cities with violence and destruction. Historians have long debated the cause of these riots and whether they were actually riots, or rebellions against America’s prevalent racial polarization in urban areas. Some historians categorize the uprisings as unnecessary riots that stemmed from the increasing black militancy, ghetto residents lack of responsibility for their own

Pre-Emptive Force According to Michael Walzer Essay

Pre-emptive force is commonly recognised as a preventative use of force. Michael Walzer identifies that pre-emptive force is when both states defend themselves against violence that is imminent but not actual; the state can fire shots if it knows it is about to be attacked (2006: 74). â€Å" †¦there must be shown a necessity of self defence†¦ instant, overwhelming, leaving no choice of means, and no moment for deliberation.† (Berkley, 1968). This would allow a state to respond to an attack once the targeted state had seen it coming but before it felt its impact. Pre-emption is then like a reflex â€Å"a throwing up of ones arms at the very last minute† (Walzer, 2006: 75). Putting aside the definitions of pre-emptive war, the question of whether or not†¦show more content†¦Misunderstandings arise looking at Article 51 in international law that gives the right to self- defence. It is debatable as to whether this is an explicit right, only exercisable in response to armed attack or whether it allows force in response to potential attacks. Article 2(4) of the UN charter states that the use of force by states is banned however this has not stopped over one hundred large conflicts since 1945. States generally use international law as an excuse and form of justification for their actions (Evans, 2006: 589). Article 2(4) declares â€Å"all members shall abstain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any State, or in any other manner inconsistent with the purposes of the UN.† Yet the main exception is self- defence (Evans, 2006: 598). The article does not make clear what constitutes self- defence. How is a state to distinguish self-defense from hegemonic desires? The International Court of Justice (ICJ) was confronted with questions about the meaning of ‘threat of force’, it concluded that a threat of force is illegal when the actual use of force threatened would itself be unlawful; the ICJ rejected to identify that the mere possession of nuclear weapons was an unlawful threat of force. This suggests that the mere possession of nuclear weapons, despite their extremely threatening appearance, cannot be an actual pending threat, in the case of Iran,Show MoreRelated Just War and Pacifism Essay1892 Words   |  8 Pages The question Can war be justified? plagued mankind since the first war. The Just War Theory holds that war can be just. The theory has evolved for thousands of years and modern theorists, such as Michael Walzer, author of Just and Unjust Wars, puts forth criteria for a just war, such as jus ad bellum and jus in bello. Jus ad bellum includes reasons for going to war, and jus in bello deals with the people who wage war. The criteria in jus ad bellum include; just cause, declaration by a proper

New Venture Capital Raising-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Identify and discuss the various risks and ethical issues to be considered when launching and investing in a start-up. Answer: Introduction Business could be everyones cup of tea but succeeding at it, is not. And hence starting a business has been never so easy. Commencing a new venture is a complex task and that comprise of execution of various operations and functionalities and adoption of various approaches and models is also required to be done. There are varied ranges of factors that will be stimulating the business environment and will surely affect the start-up of the business. The prime factors required for starting up a new venture are methods, manpower, material and machines (Arregle, et al. 2015). There are the major ingredients that will be aiding an entrepreneur in the process of commencement of a new venture. Furthermore, the process and operations that are executed for the commencement of the new business venture are also exposed to various risks and ethical issues and the same are required to be dealt in a professional manner for the success and growth of the start-up. The below presented summary has been focused on the various risks and ethical issues faced while launching and investing in start-up. Jet.com and Flatiron health are the two start-ups that will be used in the below presented report as case studies. These business organizations are new ventures and are commencing business operations from last five years stepping towards success. Risk assessment As mentioned above planning for a thinking and planning for a new start-up is an easy task but commencement of the same is not everyones cup of tea. Starting a business has been so easy. The economy has been offering varied range of opportunities but just like everything has its own pros and cons and also has fully high rated risks (Ben-Ari, and Vonortas, 2017). But once the entrepreneurs are able of analyzing the risks associated with the commencement of the new venture they are required to make essential provisions for the same for attaining success and growth in the business: The below presented are the 3 potential risks that can be faced by a new venture and the mentioned risks are demonstrated from the entrepreneurs and investors point of view: Product risk: What to be produced is one of the initial decisions while starting a new venture. This has been considered as one of the most crucial decision while commencing a business as business totally depends upon the delivery of the goods produced and sold. There are various risks that will be faced by an entrepreneur while before and while producing a product. For instance, the management of Jet.com is deciding for the product on the basis of market analysis and other surveys executed, screening of the products for checking the feasibility so as to get aware that the product is enough capable of surviving in market and also making the customers satisfy (Li, 2014). If the products are unable to satisfy the customers demands then it will be considered as a risk on the entrepreneurs perceptive. Moreover, the investors also make their decision of making investments in the venture after monitoring the feasibility aspect of the product. One of the greatest risks from the investors po int of view is that the inefficiency of the products in meeting and accomplishing the demands of the consumers. This risk will be affecting the investors while deciding for investments in new venture (Skripak, 2016). Market risk: This is one of the biggest and common risks that will be affecting both the entrepreneur and investors decisions on large scale. For instance, if Flatiron health is the entrepreneur and founds itself unable in collecting the proper knowledge and data of the market then it will be problematic for the venture. In-appropriate knowledge and data about the market will lead in development of a product that wont be able in satisfying the demands of the customers (Kvedaraite, 2013). And this situation can be considered as a risk for the new venture from the entrepreneurs perspective. Investors also have various market risks such as fluctuations in the market due to the political and governmental interference. Risk of Changing trends: This one of the most stimulating factor or can also be considered as the biggest risk that will be directly affecting the entrepreneur and indirectly to the investors (Van Aardt, and Bezuidenhout, 2014). Such as the changes in the market trends such as any up-gradation in the technological sector, changes in the perception of consumers, fluctuations in the taste and preferences of the consumers will have direct impacts on entrepreneur. For example, Flatiron health is a software company and any of the changes in the IT sector is required to be considered as an essential part for the business firm. And if the business firm fails to capture such data then it will be proven problematic for the entity and will overcome as an issue (Burns, 2016). Change in the norms and regulations relating to the new venture will affect the investors largely. The investors will have to execute detailed research on the related aspects before making investments. Failure in any such aspect will lead to generation of threats and risks for the venture. Ethical issues Business ethics has been considered as one of the integral components and essential requirements for starting a new venture. And this concept has also been considered as one of the biggest issue for an entrepreneur and also for an investor (EuroLogo Marketing, 2018). There are various ethical dilemmas that will be faced as issues by the investors and entrepreneurs in different forms while commencing a new venture and the same are presented as follows: Business licenses and Trademark: Business licenses are the permit that is taken from government of the country. Without getting a legal permit, the business does not have authenticity. So, ignoring the legal documentation can create an ethical issue to the organization and it can halt the business operations permanently. Moreover, it is very important for the companies to trademark the business. Trademark is the representation of the business among clients and customers. Generally, start-up businesses do not consider the trademark protection as a significant factor. It can lead the start-up to an ethical issue of trademark infringement. The major example of this issue is the case of PayPal and PayTM. Currently, PayPal has alleged PayTm of copying its business logo to enhance its customer base (Chell, et al, 2016). It has affected the business of both the companies. If the business does not get trademark copyrighted, then it can shake the base of business. In addition to this, it may influence the sales of business i n the market and it may have adverse impact on the investment decision on investors. It is one of the major issues to entrepreneur that needs to be considered while starting up a new venture (Klotz, et al, 2014). Desire to achieve: An entrepreneur decides for starting a business and or a new venture because he/she has an idea for a new product or services. A passion and commitment is required for that idea and never-give-up attitude for gaining knowledge and learning and also dealing though others might perceive as failure (Kirzner, 2015). High level of courage and strength is required and furnace a new path for the idea of a business. It will also require the entrepreneur to make serious efforts in terms of money, time and energy and will also take him away from his family and other relations for time being. And thus for coming over all these challenges the business entrepreneurs may opt. for shortcuts for heading towards success with a greater speed. And opting for shortcuts will lead in development of an ethical issue. Cultural and societal impact: On the basis of the research executed it has been analyzed that at societal level the entrepreneurship is held responsible in significantly influencing the lives of the individuals in upcoming times (Vonortas Kim, 2015). To the extent that the lives of individuals are molded by the marketing activities will bring a change in the way of living driven by the entrepreneurs. These are the prophets will be developing and commercializing the new products and services for which no presence of market was there. An entrepreneur possesses the power of shaping and shifting the paradigm in ethics and community services by making use of leadership skills. By utilizing these visions the entrepreneur will be able in developing new products, innovations, technologies, concepts or services creating demand for the brand in the new market regions (EuroLogo Marketing, 2018). Such business corporations not only exercise tremendous economic power but also symbolic power as t hey become the role models for the next generation of organizations. Entrepreneurs face arduous encounters and, certainly, leading the societies with values based management, being intensely conscious of some of these burdens and an emphasis on ethical issues in business might aid the creative thinkers in the attainment of their dreams. Top three risks and ethical issues On the basis of the current analysis it has been evaluated Jet.com and Flatiron health ate the two new ventures that are establishing the business in their concerned markets regions. The report has been basically designed and developed on the thought that the new business start-ups face various risks and ethical issues and these ethical issues and risks are classified as per the perceptions of the entrepreneur and investor (Brenkert, 2017). Further, the report has been presented for focusing the most prior risks and threats from the above presented one: The first factor that has been nominated at the top of the list is the ethical issue due to lack of infrastructure and this has been kept at the top most priority. As infrastructure is one of the basic requirements for commencing or starting the business. Building up framework, office premises for staff and execution of tasks at the underlying stage has been considered as a moral issue for the business visionary of any of the new pursuit. The business person should himself oversee and execute the dealing with and observing tasks and functionalities. The business visionary itself will assume a few parts, for example, checking the conduct of group, guaranteeing the bearing of endeavors towards expanding productivity in this manner making a corporate culture (Shaw and Barry, 2015). All of the above are the operations and functionalities that are required to be executed by an entrepreneur for conducting a business in an ethical manner. And hence this is the reason due to which this ethic al issue has been considered on priority. The second one is the risk due to the changing trends in the market that has been considered in the priority list and is held liable in stimulating the business environment for the new venture while launching the business. Market is the place where the outcomes that are the products and the services are expected to be sold and are the revenue generators for the business firms. And hence the trends and fluctuations in the market are required to consider as significant while deciding for launching the new venture and making investments in the same (Hyytinen, Pajarinen, and Rouvinen, 2015). The updated data regarding the changing trends of the markets will enable the business ventures to make changes accordingly and keep them a step ahead in the competitive environment. Maintainable a sustainable position will also be made possible as at the initial stages it will be very tough for the business entity to survive in the business environment. The last but least is the risk due to product point that can be considered in the list of priority. Product is the final outcome of all the efforts made by the team within a business venture and is one of the integral factors that will aid the entity in earning profitability. And hence developing and designing a product, that is enough capable of satisfying the consumers requirements has been considered as an essential process to be executed by the new venture. And if not done, then the business entity will be facing several issues and will be at risk. Conclusion In the limelight of the above executed analysis it has been inferred that commencing a new business venture is a crucial task and this process is associated with number of risks and ethical issues. These risks and ethical issues are required to be considered by the entrepreneur while launching the business and even by the investors while making investments in the same. The above report has been presented focusing towards the ethical issues and risks pertaining that will be faced by the entrepreneur and investors while commencing a new venture. References Arregle, J.L., Batjargal, B., Hitt, M.A., Webb, J.W., Miller, T. and Tsui, A.S., 2015. Family ties in entrepreneurs' social networks and new venture growth.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,39(2), pp.313-344. Ben-Ari, G. and Vonortas, N.S., 2007, Risk financing for knowledge-based enterprises: mechanisms and policy options, Science and Public Policy, 34(7), 475-488. Brenkert, G.G., 2017. Entrepreneurship, ethics, and the good society. InEntrepreneurship(pp. 85-128). Routledge. Burns, P., 2016.Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. Chell, E., Spence, L.J., Perrini, F. and Harris, J.D., 2016. Social entrepreneurship and business ethics: Does social equal ethical?.Journal of business ethics,133(4), pp.619-625. EuroLogo Marketing, 2018, Legal/Ethical Issues to Consider When Starting a Business, available from https://www.eurologo.org/legalethical-issues-to-consider-when-starting-a-business/ (Accessed on 31 March 2018). Hyytinen, A., Pajarinen, M. and Rouvinen, P., 2015. Does innovativeness reduce startup survival rates?.Journal of Business Venturing,30(4), pp.564-581. Kirzner, I.M., 2015.Competition and entrepreneurship. University of Chicago press. Klotz, A.C., Hmieleski, K.M., Bradley, B.H. and Busenitz, L.W., 2014. New venture teams: A review of the literature and roadmap for future research.Journal of Management,40(1), pp.226-255. Kvedaraite, N., 2013, Reasons And Obstacles To Starting A Business: Experience Of Students Of Lithuanian Higher Education Institutions, Management, 19 (1), 1-16. Li, W., 2014.Risk assessment of power systems: models, methods, and applications. John Wiley Sons. Shaw, W.H. and Barry, V., 2015.Moral issues in business. Cengage Learning. Skripak, S.J., 2016, Entrepreneurship: Starting a Business, Pamplin College of Business and Virginia Tech Libraries. Van Aardt, I. and Bezuidenhout, S. eds., 2014.Entrepreneurship new venture management. Oxford University Press. Vonortas, N.S. Kim, Y., 2015, Managing Risk in New Entrepreneurial Ventures, Available from https://www.ige.unicamp.br/spec/wp-content/uploads/sites/15/2015/07/Book-Chapter_Vonortas-Kim_2015.pdf (Accessed on 31 March 2018)

Shirley Chisholm Essays - African-American Women In Politics

Shirley Chisholm Hill Chisholm was born on November 30, 1924 in Brooklyn, New York. Her Father, Charles St. Hill was an immigrant from French Guyana (now it is called Guyana) and her mother, Ruby (Seale) was an immigrant from Barbados. Charles was a factory worker and her mother was a seamstress and a mother to help provide for the family. Young couples had a hard time making ends meet, and in hope of saving some of their money, they sent their children back to the Caribbean. Shirley at 3 years old and her 2 younger sisters, Muriel and Odessa went to live with their grandmother in Barbados, where they stayed for 7 years. When Shirley returned to the U.S she was put into a class two years ahead, but in a year she caught up. When she graduated she was offered scholarships to Vassar and Oberilin colleges, but she enrolled in Brooklyn College because it wasn't costly. At college in the 1940s, Shirley majored in psychology and planned to become a teacher since teaching was the only thing profession open to black women. Shirley graduated with a B.A. with honors in 1946, then taught nursery school while studying for a master's degree in elementary education at Columbia University. During her college years she joined the Harriet Tubman society. In 1949she married a fellow Columbia student by the name of Conrad Chisholm, and she graduated with her M.A. In 1960 Shirley helped form the Unity Democratic Club to get more blacks to run for 17 Assembly District of New York State, and in 1964 she offered herself as a democratic candidate. She was chosen as the candidate. Shirley knew it would be hard but went to talk to people at street corners and neighborhood halls. Shirley won by a landslide. Shirley served the assembly for the next four years. She introduced more than fifty bills and two was passed. One was called the SEEK that helped kids to get to collage. The other was the first unemployment insurance program for workers. Before the 1968 congressional elections, a new 12th district was created in New York. Shirley decided to run for the seat but she knew it would be hard against James Farmer. Shirley won 34,885 votes to 13,777 votes. Shirley served the House of Reps. from 1968 to 1983. In 1972 Shirley campaigned for the presidential nomination. Although she knew that she could not win but and consider it not a loss. She said her 1773 book, the Good Fight, "the fact that a black woman dared to run for President seriously, not expecting to win but sincerely trying to, is what it all about. ?It can be done' After being twice reelected to congress, Shirley retired in 1983, because her second husband Arthur Hardwick was very ill. She then returned to teaching, served as Purington Professor at Mount Holyoke Collage in Massachusetts for the next four years. Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm is still live today as we speak. Bibliography 1. Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History Volume 1 ?1996 2. www.usbol.com/ctjournal/schisholmbio.html 3. Chisholm, Shirley.'Leaders from 1960's Westport Connecticut. Greenwood Press. 1994 4. www.pathfinder.com/photo/essay/african/cap02.htm 5. www.worldbook.com/fun/aajourny/html/bh095.html