Atheism And The Existence Of God Essay - 1294 Words

The question of who bears the burden of proof frequently comes up in debates between theists and atheists. In some cases, the theists claim that the atheists bear the burden of proof as it is a self evident fact that God exists. Whereas some atheists would claim that the theists bear the burden of proof since they are making supernatural claims. In the following essay I will be discussing both opinions on this matter, and perhaps show how the burden of proof lies on both of them and neither of them. I will begin this discussion by defining the recurring terms during the discussion on the existence of God. Traditionally the three attitudes one could hold towards the existence of God are theism, atheism and agnosticism. The belief in the existence of God or Gods, in specific of one that intervenes in the matters of the universe is defined as theism (Oxford Dictionaries, English, 2016). Atheism as defined in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy (Spring 2013 Edition) refers to the negation of theism or in other words, the denial of the existence of God. Agnosticism is referred to one the maintains that the nothing is known of the belief of God or cannot be known (Oxford Dictionaries, English, 2016). A ‘burden of proof’ is seen as an obligation on a party in a dispute to provide sufficient warrant for their position (En.wikipedia.org, 2016). In debates on this subject matter, often times when theists are asked for the basis of their belief in God, they respond that theirShow MoreRelatedThe Existence Of God ( Theism And Atheism )2203 Words   |  9 PagesThe Existence of God (Theism and Atheism) Throughout the history of mankind, humans have believed in a variety of supernatural deities; some have believed in deities on a personal level while others view them as all-powerful protectors. Currently, a large percentage of the United States citizens believe in the God of Christianity, Yahweh. Christianity has had pagan influences, which means that Christianity religion has existed for twenty centuries; paganism predates Christianity, and this givesRead MoreIs Atheism Considered The Belief Of The Existence Of Gods?1155 Words   |  5 Pagesultimate reality. Atheism is considered the belief in the absence of the existence of gods. This absence of belief usually comes from a deliberate choice, or from an inherent inability to believe in religious teachings. It is not a lack of belief born from ignorance of religions. The word atheism has a very negative connotation but it is the lack of belief in other religions and or gods that produce this way of thought. No one can prove nor d isprove an existence of a higher power or god. There are oneRead MoreThe Nature Of God And Which Lense One Helps View Religion Or Spirituality1685 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many different views about the nature of god and which lense one chooses to view religion or spirituality. The nine that will be discussed are animism, polytheism, henotheism, pantheism, religious dualism, deism, theism, atheism, and agnosticism. While some of these have overlapping principles, they are each unique viewpoints as of the nature of god and are held by different religions throughout the world today and in history. One of the first forms of religions was animism, or the viewRead MoreAtheism, Nihilism, And Nihilism1625 Words   |  7 PagesI believe atheism, and nihilism do have certain things in common, but Atheism does not necessarily entail nihilism. There is more than one type of nihilism found in society, and even though Nihilism may entail Atheism. but they are both different. Looking closer at the definition of Nihilism and Atheism I found the main difference in definition between the two which will later be explained in detail. There are many types of beliefs that could could be consider Nihilism, but only two that expressRead MoreThe Problem Of Evil And Atheism1187 Words   |  5 Pagesowe to prove his thesis about the problems of evil and atheism, Rowe asks three fundamental questions. The first question, â€Å"is there an argument for atheism based on the problem of evil that could rationally justify atheism?† Supporting his question, Rowe by uses the idea of human and ani mal suffering.is it reasonable for omnipotent, omniscient being(s) to permits its creation to suffer by extinguish each other for their own personal benefits. If there is such a thing as an omnibenevolent, omnipotentRead MoreAn Argument Against Atheism Based On The Existence Of Evil1442 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Rowe tries to provide answers for three interrelated questions. â€Å"1) Are there arguments for atheism based on the existence of evil that may rationally justify someone in being an atheist? 2) How can a theist defend this position against the argument for atheism based on the existence of evil? 3) What position should the informed atheist take concerning the rationality of their belief?† Rowe makes sure the reader known what kind of evil is being dealt with or is being used in the argumentRead MoreReligion and Atheism1444 Words   |  6 PagesReligion atheism Religion is a highly complex and difficult field, constituting, on the one hand, the founding power at the basis of nations and societies, but also, on the other hand, a cause of wars and never-ending conflicts. The disputes on religious matters are far from being exhausted and the issues debated are virtually infinite. Religion is a never ending subject of discussion, and one ever lasting topic of interest is represented by tolerance. Tolerance often represents the pillarRead MoreAntony Flew on Christian Life1823 Words   |  7 Pagesevery argument for the non-existence of God, and is often understood as inherently opposing to faith. However, the story of Antony Flew is one that atheists can and should not discard, as he experienced something very different. Born into a Christian family Flew grew up in the church and was exposed to Christian beliefs and customs. He never really found a personal connection to Christianity and converted to Atheism, but after decades of arguing the non-existence of God, he came to the conclusionRead MoreAtheism And The Existence Of Deity1421 Words   |  6 PagesMerriam-Webster Dictionary defines atheism as â€Å"a disbelief in the existence of deity.† This definition of atheism is broad and general. Most people only know that atheism is the lack of belief i n a god or gods, but they do not know what atheists do believe in or if atheists have faith in anything. Also, atheism is often seen as the opposite of religion. Religion is the belief in a god or gods, while atheism is the disbelief in the same. Does this view of atheism limit our understanding of what itRead MoreSummary of Evil and Atheism This essay is a summary of William L. Rowes paper The Problem of Evil and Some Varaties of Atheism.1206 Words   |  4 PagesIn William L. Rowe s paper The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism he sets out to accomplish two main goals. The first goal is directed toward theists, while the second attempts to reach the very wellspring of an atheist s heart. Foremost, Rowe sets out to show that there is an argument for atheism based on the existence of evil that may rationally justify someone in being an atheist (335). After he has effectively addressed this first issue he moves on to try and convince the atheist

The Significance of Radical Thought and Attitudes in the...

The Significance of Radical Thought and Attitudes in the Civil War Period The Civil War caused turmoil and upheaval that affected every strand of life in England. It challenged and upturned the deeply ingrained feudal system with a Monarch as the head of all moral, spiritual and governmental life, and moved thought and order towards new democratic ideas and systems of rule. This period saw a new experimentation in ideas and attitudes among the population, which was not welcomed by many. As Christopher Hill writes What was new in the 17 centaury was the idea that the world might be permanently turned upside down. In the wake of Charless regicide there was a popular mid-seventeenth-centaury†¦show more content†¦As. Michel Lynch states: It was the great issue that defined settlement, or peace in this case. One group challenging this were the True Levellers mockingly known as Diggers: With beliefs in equality, community and true religion for all they argued that land was a common treasury and lived in communes detached from society. The most famous commune was on St Georges Hill, where common land was taken over by a group numbering around 50 led by Winstanly. Their ideas derived and supported from the Bible were radical in that they directly threatened the gentry and the landowners. As Michel Lynch states they . were regarded as an intolerable affront to established rights of property referring to a lifestyle of sexual promiscuity, heavy drinking and frequent blaspheming, usurping land laws and ownership. Reactions and accusations followed that they were Drunk on the Bible, thus dramatising many aspects of Digger practice. Just how seriously they challenged established order was evident in violent clashes that culminated in their removal under Cromwells orders Lynch further poses an interesting idea that In an exact sense they were communists. He is suggesting that here may lie the original seeds that led to later Communism. That the first statue of Winstanly was erected in Russia after Lenins consolidation of power shows th e extent of their influence in later history andShow MoreRelatedThe Poisonwood Bible By Barbara Kingsolver1198 Words   |  5 PagesDalilah Bernier Period 2 Part I Title: The Poisonwood Bible Author: Barbara Kingsolver Date of Original Publication: 1998 Biographical information about the author (five facts): -Kingslover was born in 1955 - Throughout her life, she has lived in England, France, and the Canary Islands, and has worked in Europe, Africa, Asia, Mexico, and South America. - Kingsolver was named one the most importantRead MoreSignificance And Significance Of The Civil Rights Movement Essay1800 Words   |  8 Pages Importance and significance are two different concepts. Importance denotes the value and influence of an event. Significance is different in that it means the importance of an event may not be immediately recognized until a later time. Stonewall was both important and significant, both in 1969 and today in 2014. For the homosexual community, the 20th century saw many changes. Postwar America was anti-communist, anti-homosexual and anti anything that wasn’t the model of conservatism. The 1950sRead MoreA SELECTION OF PAST AP U.S. FREE RESPONSE QUESTIONS:3529 Words   |  15 Pages1: Colonial Period to Civil War Colonial Times 1607 -1775 1. From 1600 -1763, several European nations vied for control of the North American continent. Why did England win the struggle? (73) 2. In the seventeenth century, New England Puritans tried to create a model society. What were their aspirations, and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled during the seventeenth century? (83) 3. In the two decades before the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, there was a profoundRead More How did the Tsar survive the 1905 Revolution? Essay2131 Words   |  9 Pagesthan reform. This coursework will show that part of the key to the monarchy’s survival was the division of the opponents of Tsarism. It took World War I to cause a major breakdown in relations that left the monarchy open to further revolution through total war. The 1905 revolution was the result of the Russo-Japanese war which broke out in 1904. The war saw military and naval defeats for the Russian forces. There were food shortages in cities and the Soviets (assemblies of workers and soldiers’ representatives)Read MoreEssays for the American Pageant, 14th Ed.11068 Words   |  45 Pagescould be developed on either side of the issue or in support of a middle-of –the-road position. Supporting paragraphs should be developed to build the position chosen. Both the Spanish and the English treated the Native Americans as inferiors, thought it important to bring them Christianity, sought to profit economically from relations with the Native Americans, and forced some Native Americans into slavery. Both brought terrible diseases to the New World, though the Spanish impact was more devastatingRead More The Politics of Caesar Augustus Essays2631 Words   |  11 Pagesmember of the triumvirate, with the old republican system. He had several problems, one of which was that all through the civil war with Antony he had portrayed Antony to be a tyrant and a ruthless man who wanted to rule Rome for himself, as a dictator. This was potentially what he had now become, and so he had several possibilities; to retire, which could lead to another civil war, and he was too ambitious to do this; or to acquire total autocratic power, and be open to the same fate as Julius CaesarRead MoreAge of Enlightenment and Century5169 Words   |  21 Pages the relationship between government and the governed. 5. 85: To what extent is the term Renaissance a valid concept for a distinct period in early modern European history? 6. 88: Describe and analyze the ways in which the development of printing altered both the culture and the religion of Europe during the period 145-1600. 7. 90: Two Paintings, Peasants Dance by P. Brueghel, and Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte by George Seurat. AnalyzeRead MoreHistory of Education3763 Words   |  16 Pagesâ€Å"The period between 1965 and the end of the 1980s witnessed significant developments, not only in the provision of post-primary schooling in Ireland, but also in the way in which schooling was understood.† Introduction The period between 1965 and the latter end of the 1980s witnessed significant developments in the provision of post primary education in Ireland. This coincided with changes in Irish and indeed worldwide society. What makes the changes that came about so significant was the factRead MoreHistory of Education3755 Words   |  16 Pagesâ€Å"The period between 1965 and the end of the 1980s witnessed significant developments, not only in the provision of post-primary schooling in Ireland, but also in the way in which schooling was understood.† Introduction The period between 1965 and the latter end of the 1980s witnessed significant developments in the provision of post primary education in Ireland. This coincided with changes in Irish and indeed worldwide society. What makes the changes that came about so significant was theRead MoreLife and Thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi3441 Words   |  14 PagesLife and thoughts of mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born in 1869 in the coastal town of Porbandar, one of scores of tiny princely states and now part of theIndian state of Gujarat. Although the Gandhis, meaning grocers, were merchants by caste, they had risen to important political positions. Mohandas’s father was the chief administrator and member of the court of Porbandar, and his grandfather that of the adjacent tiny state of Junagadh. Gandhi grew up in an eclectic religious

Research on Primates at the Zoo Free Essays

[pic] A Zoo for a Primate Observation 11/15/2012 For this paper I decided to visit Zoo Atlanta to observe lowland gorillas. I got to the zoo at around eleven in the morning and found out the feeding times for the gorillas. Once I found them, after watching them for a little while I selected the most active group to go watch during feeding. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Primates at the Zoo or any similar topic only for you Order Now The point of this trip was to make me feel as if I was doing a field laboratory observation of primate social behavior and it definitely did. As you read my paper I will include what I saw, my feelings towards it, and also any questions or facts I received during my visit from volunteers or signs throughout the exhibit. To put this paper into perspective with this anthropology class I will be using five terms that are from chapter seven to relate the field observation. I hope you enjoy my paper, cause I sure enjoyed writing it. At Zoo Atlanta there are four troops of Lowland Gorillas although only three are located on the yards right now. The three different groups are Taz’s group, Ozzie’s group, and the Bachelor males. While observing the different groups Taz’s was the most active and therefore I decided to observe them especially during feeding. Feeding was at two fifteen in the afternoon and the feeder stood on top of the building that had a huge glass window to watch out. A volunteer gave the following information to me or I observed it for myself during my visit. Every group eats about six times a day including snacks. The most important meal being breakfast just like anatomically modern humans is served right before or right as the park opens. This meal is cute up in small pieces and scattered throughout the park so that they must forage for the food since this is what they would have to do in the wild. Before this meal they are served pre-breakfast which is considered a primate chow very similar to what dogs eat made my pedigree. They also get snacks throughout the day, mainly fruits. One thing that really shocked me is that they are ALL vegetarian. They are all so big and by first glance you would never imagine that. The thing that shocked me the most was during the feeding when every single gorilla got into a certain spot and that’s where he or she was fed this is mainly because they are not good at sharing, especially mothers. This process of them learning that they must get into their own spot is a great example of enculturation. Enculturation is the process of learning culture and transmitting it throughout generations. The last thing with feeding is that they do a process called RNR if they are still hungry. This act is known as regurgitation and re-eating. As nasty as that sounds they do it over and over until they are finally full. One crazy interesting fact is that on an average day a male gorilla consumes sixty-six pounds of vegetation a day. Other than food, other interesting things I found were the similarities of the lowland gorillas compared to humans. Can you believe they take the same medications as us? Well they do! They take heart medications due to genetic heart problems and see cardiologist just like us. Another similarity is when females are pregnant, there pregnancy last just about the same length of time, eight to nine months and they have only one at a time. One of their females actually had twins within the last couple years and the lady I spoke with kept repeating herself at how rare twins are between gorillas. She made a joke and I thought it was kind of funny, she said â€Å"she gave birth on Halloween so I think that was her way of saying â€Å"trick or treat†. The Atlanta Zoo is actually the only zoo with mother-reared twins, isn’t that awesome? Another thing is when the little gorillas were playing they were pretty rough just like little kids are when they are playing around. This is more of a comparison than a similarity but a sign in the zoo in the area that the gorillas were in, said â€Å"Gorilla’s have distinct nose prints like humans have distinct fingerprints. † Just like when the police are trying to identify someone they use fingerprints, well when people are trying to identify the gorilla they can use the different nose prints. I am now going to tell you what I learned while at the zoo and I will start that with the gorilla’s social behaviors. First off the gorillas were in the back of the park in the Ford African Rain Forest. Ford Company sponsors this area and they actually named one of the gorillas, Henry Ford. The first group I observed was the Bachelor’s and only two were out that you could see but three is apart of the yard. Their names are Stadi, Kekla, and Charlie. The two that were showing any social interest was Kekla and Charlie according to the volunteer but all they did was either sit down or move from branch to branch and sit again. I decided to move on after about ten minutes and that is when I saw Taz’s group. This group was constantly moving around, playing, â€Å"being rough†, climbing on rock figures set up for them in the exhibit, eating leaves, or relaxing in the sunshine. Henry Ford is also apart of Taz’s group. Gorillas live in families of two to twenty members, with usually one being male and the rest female and offspring. This is exactly the case with Taz’s group. There is nine altogether and I will list them from oldest to youngest: Kuchi, Taz, Kudzoo, Sukari, Lulu, Kazi, Macy B, Henry, and Merry Leigh (Willie B’s granddaughter). Within that group Taz is the only male other than Henry who is his offspring. Since these gorillas were actively on the move I did get the chance to hear and see a couple noises they make. The first was when Henry started running it sounded almost like drums, but vocally I did not hear anything and I asked the attendant and she said that all you really ever hear is them running around. The other thing that caught my attention that I thought was so cute was when Merry Leigh came up to the glass and thumped her chest. I thought that only happened it movies but it was the cutest thing. The volunteer said that this is her way of showing that she is the cutest one out there but can also be a sign to intimidate. Before Taz’s group was fed I observed their behavior for a couple hours. They were active especially compared to the Bachelor’s. The first thing I noticed was that Taz was sitting to the left of everyone at the back close to the fence/window. This brought me to question why and I was assured it was due to him being the â€Å"silverback† of the group. That means he is the protector, which is the father’s place. He sits there just about all day watching to make sure everything is going smoothly and that no one is acting up or is unsafe. He makes sure everyone is cooperating or using cooperative behavior. Just like in human families how the dad’s are the protectors it is the same scenario here. The children or â€Å"baby† gorillas played with each other throwing their arms around on each other while the mothers sat and watched. When they were done playing they would go climb on things or just be active. During my visit there was no conflict but at any point it could arise but the father, in this case Taz would take care of it. Some really interesting facts I found are that they do not have to drink water because they receive enough in their diet, although they are the largest primates. The average male gorilla weighs about three to four hundred pounds and can end up being six foot tall. Gorilla’s love sleep and an important thing to them is making a new nest to sleep in every night. As long as they stay healthy, especially ones in captivity can live to their late forties to early fifties. Overall, these little, well should I say big fellows are becoming endangered and unfortunately there is only about one hundred thousand left running around in the wild. One thing that really stuck out to me was that they have opposing thumbs, which is used for grasping and climbing. The full definition for opposing thumb is a thumb that can touch all the other fingers. Also, they see in color and in three-dimensional. Not only are they unique but also smart. At this point, they are undergoing cultural transmission along with the orangutans, which is a transmission through learning, basic to language. Overall, I must say they are very interesting mammals. In this paper I went over the socialization of lowland gorillas, along with their eating habits, similarities to humans, and also included some random facts in that I thought were very interesting. This trip to the zoo was enjoyed to the fullest and I hope this paper reflects that. Lowland Gorilla’s are actually very interesting and there is a lot more to them than I ever expected. Learning all this stuff about the gorillas makes me wonder what all I am really missing out there and what else there is to know about everything. Gorillas, lowland in particular live in troops usually with one head male and the rest females with offspring. They usually reach three hundred to four hundred pounds and have only one baby at a time. Their pregnancies last for nine months or just about, just like humans. They eat their vegetarian meals about six times a day, and do not have to drink water to survive because they receive enough in their meal. Some seem very active, especially younger ones while the bachelor troop seemed very laid back but that may be because they are older. On average, gorillas range from two to twenty per troop but the biggest I saw on my trip was nine. They can take prescription medications just like you and me! Even have some of the same problems such as cardiovascular problems and arthritis. Overall, we are very much alike although the chimpanzees are the closest versions of mammal to us. They have their own forms of communication, birth is very similar, we eat some of the same things, take some of the same medication, can reach the same heights, and we all have bodies with hair. This has definitely opened my eyes to things I have never seen or thought of before but learning new things is great so I believe this experience was well worth the price. My impressions of the zoo was that it was very well maintained and clean, yet kind of pricy but I understand that they need to make money to feed those beautiful animals. I enjoyed this assignment a lot, and I am glad I had the opportunity to do this. ———————– One of my favorite pictures I took at Zoo Atlanta while observing Taz’s group. 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Public Sector Management for Global Expansion - myassignmenthelp.com

Quedtion: Discussa about thePublic Sector Management for Global Expansion. Answer: Introduction Rise in the Global expansion as well as higher levels of competitions in the various industries have gave birth to various liabilities to prove ones value in the society or the market. To top the competition individuals have let go of the morality that once prevailed amongst the individuals (Frederickson and Rohr 2015). This essay deals with the issues that are mostly revolved around the public sectors and the private sectors including the issues related to the ethics, the strategic management, the methods of evaluation of the prospects of the private sectors and the policies that are being incorporated The purpose of this essay is to understand the implications and the evaluations of the various aspects of management related to the public sector in comparison to the private sector. Ethics has become more critical in the public administration system in the latest years. The rising issues of corruption, fraudulent activities, bribery, misuse of the authority and power within the governance has led to the breach of trust amongst the public (Frederickson and Ghere 2013). Ethical behaviour and decisions are taken to maintain citizens trust as well as ensure effective and efficient utilization of resources thus allow government to preserve an individuals rights along with assisting others in need. Ethics is one of the imperative components that allow a democratic system to thrive in a country. Ethics in the public organization is crucial to realize the security of the democracy. In a democratic system, the government have a commitment towards the citizens, to treat everyone equally and provide the maximum service to most of citizens (Van Dooren, Bouckaert and Halligan 2015). The efficient functioning of democratic government obliges that the public sector employees should be autonomous, unbiased and dependable towards the people. Government policies should be prepared within the appropriate configuration of government, enforce that the public offices should not be used for any kind of personal achievement, and ensure that the public have confidence in the integrity of its government. The ethical misconduct and outrage in government pose a threat to the democratic ideologies in the rules of administration, equity and individual rights. Fraud, bribery and other misuses within th e government takes the power from people and gives it to a few who are in position of control that ultimately distorts the notion of the equality of all participants of the public life. Since public service is a public belief, citizens anticipate that the public servants according to the public interest with even-handedness and manage the public resources fairly. Ethical and steadfast services motivate trust and create a positive environment for businesses, thus contributing to economic growth (Preston and Sampford 2012). With reference to a country, Hong Kong is one the countries with good ethical practises in terms of administration. The Hong Kong administration is no exemption. The quality of the Hong Kong civil service well known and the civil servants are internationally recognized as among the least corrupt and the least intrusive. However, the government has faced ethical confrontations in the recent years. In order to preserve the integrity and professionalism of civil service, the government has established the theory of serving the community as well as being liable when it reforms the civil service and has been in effort to improve the ethics management in its governance. In most nations in the present day, there is a higher expectation from an ordinary citizen towards the Governments, that it would establish and distribute privileged standards of ethicality and integrity in the civil service and the Government itself. In order to achieve such certain regulations are being followed to ensure the maintenance of the ethicality in the public sector. With these propositions in the mindset initiatives have been taken to implement effective civil ethics, codes of conduct, integrity coordination, anti corruption measures and transparency measures. Effective practise have led to better improvements in the ethical environment of the public sectors. Disciplinary actions for justifying any action, effective laws to protect the public interest disclosure, ethical audits to measure and maintain integrity risks along with better human resource management strategies to promote merit based promotions and anti discrimination in the public sectors. Despite severe efforts to implement the ethical practices amongst the public service employees the ethical practices faces it major weakness in terms of practise and implementation. Ethical practises or conduct are set of rules that are only incorporated from within the conscience of the organization and the individuals working for these organizations. The principle weakness or challenges it the lack of comprehension for following the ethics while involved in public service. The conscience makes the effort to help the individual understand the value of ethics as ethics cannot be taught but it can be understood. Lack of strict regulations to control the unethical practices or actions encourages individuals to continue the use of unethical practises for individual purpose and need for the personal gain. Negative influence plays a major role in terms of the ethical practises as observing others or superiors engrossed in unethical activities encourages the others to follow the same witho ut thinking or rationalizing the consequences of those actions. With reference to the speech delivered in 2005. In a forum of public servants by the former Minister for planning and National Development in the Republic of Kenya, Professor Peter Anyang Nyongo, the secret to generating revenue is only possible if the belief is not just limited to the perception or the words but the actual implementation of these beliefs into the actions. This is not possible in a days time but with gradual practise and incorporation the development would certainly prevail one day. Strategic management has become the standardized tool for the shaping of the organization and the creating the value for the same. The use of strategic triangle and the three management dimensions acts as a guiding instrument for the management and the personnel. The three management dimensions in the strategic management are Political, Cooperation and Operations (Hill and Varone 2016). The political factor reflects the need and demand for the political support and is an obvious principle of the public sector. The cooperation takes the new management hypothesis of the governance into consideration, as the cooperation and the networking of the social performer have gained increased significance. The operational element takes the efficiency and the effectiveness into consideration (Vedung 2017). To implement and improvise the strategies and create a value for the society, the ends of the triangle should be managed with precision and dedication. Even if the strategic model in not known to any subject, these management strategies can be always be related and would remain relevant in terms of managing the strategies in the public sectors. These management strategies are interdependent with each other and proper influence and compelling of the ministry to extend the authorization can help an organization enter improvised forms of cooperation and modify the operations, whe re new cooperation can mean the modification of the operations and influencing of the political level (Branch, Hanushek and Rivkin 2012). As per the concept new operations would attract stronger form of alliance that would ultimately help in the faster development progress. As per the cited concern, the evaluation of the public organizations is more difficult than that of the private organizations. The main reason than be held responsible is the differences between the public and the private organizations. The main reason that can be justified for the concern is the size, value and the complexity of the public organizations makes it more complicated than the private organizations. The fewer measures to track the progress of the success and failure is less due to the constant changing reforms of the different governments. The civil service norms and regulations seldom encourage the individuals in terms of outstanding or poor performance. There is very little risk of personal gain in the government due to the serious implementations of certain policies or programs. The principle key of the driving the public organizations is completely dependent on legislative driven monopolies. The manager in the government often knows about the need for certain changes and management in the government but can hardly implement it due to the restrictions that are faced by the legal restrictions, regulations and the government policies, that might have been probably made earlier for other circumstances. The authority and the responsibility of the government tend to be asymmetrical and instead of well balance that results in most of the difficulty in the evaluation proceedings. The goals and the objectives of the government are pretty often divergent and distractive in nature that can often lead to misunderstandings and confusions. These are the factors that are responsible to understand the difficulty in the evaluation of the public organizations in comparison to the private organizations as well as these are the factors that the employees in the public organizations should take into consideration while operation within the organization (Drennan, McConnell and Stark 2014). This is significant for understanding since the public organizations have been formed and acts for the benefit of the public and the citizens. Reconstruction in the strategic formulations is utterly necessary to convey about the clear functionalities and objectives of the government instead of creating deception, confusion and mistrust between the organization and its publics (De Vries, Bekkers and Tummers 2016). Policy analysis is a method that has been implemented in the purpose of public administration and facilitates the employees to scrutinize and evaluate the possible opportunities to implement the objectives of these goals (Dunn 2015). It can be determined the methodology of determining the different policies that would be influential and crucial in achieving a predetermined set of objectives. The process of policy analysis can be categorized into two different actions. The first action involves the analysis of the existing policies those are descriptive and analytical. The second action is the analysis of the new policies that are prescriptive and involve the formulation of the policies (Kraft and Furlong 2012). On addition the different stages of the rational model of the policy analysis is the identification of the problem, agenda setting, formulation of the policy proposal through diverse parties, the selection or the adoption of the legal enactment of the chosen policy and the eva luation of the policy (John 2013). With reference to the normative and the descriptive models in terms of decision-making, the normative models or the prescriptive theory it is mainly concerned with the point of considering the best decision that can be taken concentrating on the ideal decision maker who would be able to take the decision rationally. On the other hand, the descriptive theory or the positive theory is mostly concerned with the observation of the decision makers, if they take any decision or act under certain influence during the session of decision-making. The theories of the decision-making have been explained with the help of a policy as cited in the assignment. Considering the policy of Principle of Ethical Conduct, this policy enforces of the public organization employees about how they should act and how they can act based on the ethical values (Normative and Prescriptive model theory). Based on the actions that the employees take or have taken that breaches the ethical values, the decisions are t aken into consideration using the Descriptive theory. As per the requirement, the normative model does serve the purpose of a descriptive model, as these theories are instrumental and crucial in determining the necessity of the formulating new and older policies as well as influencing the decision making process (Laegreid and Christensen 2013). Conclusion With the help of this essay, it can be concluded that ethics is indeed one of the important values that are necessary to be installed within the public sector organisations and the employees working for it. The necessity lies in the relationship and dependency of the public with the government. The formula of generating revenue by a nation or the government is to transform and manipulate the strategies in the governance that involves the political, cooperation and the operational factors. The evaluation of the public sectors are difficult and complicated than the private organization due to the huge differences in the operations and the categorization that involves the strict boundaries from the different legal regulations. The significance of the evaluation is necessary since the public organizations have been formed and acts for the benefit of the public and the citizens and it is important to be clear about the regulations and actions to prevent confusion and mistrust. The method of policy analysis and the policy model does serve the purpose of a descriptive model as these steps are instrumental and crucial in the determination of the necessity and validation of the formulation of new and older policies. 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